sábado, 15 de novembro de 2008

Conectors

Os conectivos, mais freqüentemente usados, são:

Em primeiro lugar, ... / Para começar, ... First of all, ... / In the first place, ... / To begin with, ...
De acordo com ... According to ...
Principalmente ... Especially ... / Mainly ...
A principal razão ... / O principal motivo ... The main reason ...
A partir de agora ... / De agora em diante ... From now on ...
Por enquanto (passado) ... / Até agora ... So far ... / Up till now ...
Por enquanto (futuro) ... / Até que mude de idéia.... for some time. / ... for a while. / For the time being ...
Ainda não ... ... not ... yet.
Nesse meio tempo, ... / Enquanto isso, ...In the meantime, ... / Meanwhile, ...
Em meio a ... In the midst of ...
Via de regra ...As a rule ...
Sempre que ...Whenever ...
À medida em que o tempo passa, ...As time goes by, ...
A propósito, por falar nisso, ... By the way, … / Speaking of that, …
Pelo que eu sei, … / Pelo que me consta, … / Que eu saiba, … As far as I know, … / As far as I can tell, … / To the best of my knowledge, …
No que se refere a mim, … / No que diz respeito a mim, … As far as I'm concerned, …
Do ponto de vista de … From the standpoint of …
Sem dúvida … Without a doubt …/ Of course …
Da mesma forma que …In the same way that …
De maneira (forma) que … So that … / In order that …
Desde que … As long as …
Em outras palavras, … / O que eu quero dizer ... / Quer dizer, … / Ou seja, … In other words, … / What I'm trying to say ... / That is, …
Por um lado, … On the one hand, …
Por sua vez, ...In his/her/its turn, ...
Por outro lado, … / Em compensação, … On the other hand, …
Da mesma forma, … / Por seu turno … Likewise …
Enquanto que … / Ao passo que … While … / Whereas …
Entretanto, … / No entanto, … However, …
Embora … / Mesmo que … Although … / Even though … / Even if …
Em último caso, …As a last resort, …
Mesmo assim, … Nevertheless, … / Still, …
Apesar de … In spite of … / Despite …
Além disto, …Besides that, … / In addition to that, …
Não apenas …, mas também … Not only …, but also …
Afora isso, … Aside from that, …
Pelo menos …At least …
De qualquer modo, … / Seja como for, …Anyway, … / At any rate, … / In any case, …
Senão … / Caso contrário … / Sob pena de ... Otherwise … / Or else ...
Ao contrário de … Unlike …
Em vez de … / Ao invés de … Instead of … / In place of …
A não ser que … Unless …
A não ser por … / Com exceção de … Except for …
Uma vez que … / Já que … Since …
Afinal …After all …
Por exemplo, … For example, … / For instance, …
Em função de … / Devido a … In face of … / Due to …
Por esta razão, … / Neste sentido … / Desta forma, … / Diante do exposto, … / Levando isto em consideração, … For this reason, … / With this in mind, …
Portanto, … Therefore, … / So, …
Finalmente, … / Por fim, …Finally, … / At last, …
Levando tudo isso em consideração, … / Em resumo, … All things considered, … / Finally, … / In summary, …


Abaixo segue uma lista abrangente de palavras e locuções conectivas, agrupadas por tipo de ligação que estabelecem. Esta lista é de utilidade especialmente para alunos avançados que possuem boa familiaridade com redação em inglês:

INTRODUCTION
concerning / first of all / in the first place / initially / on the one hand
regarding / speaking of / to begin with to start with
as referred to / (at) first / by the way / changing the subject

AGREEMENT
in accordance / in agreement / in conformity
according to / as per

CONTRAST
by the same token / conversely / despite / even though / for all that / for (my, his, ...) part / however / in contrast / in (the) face of / in (the) light of / in spite of (that) / meanwhile / nevertheless / nonetheless / notwithstanding / on the contrary / on the other hand / still / then again / though / unlike / whereas / while / yet / after (all) / alternatively / although / as opposed to / at the same time / but

COMPARISON
in comparison (with) / in the same way / similarly / comparing / likewise

EMPHASIS
in any event/ indeed / in fact /in particular /more important(ly) / most important(ly)/naturally particularly /positively / primarily / principally /specifically /the basic cause / the chief factor /
the key point /the main reason / unquestionably / valuable to note / without a doubt /
above all / a key feature / a major concern / definitely / especially significant / even more /

ADDITION
both ... and /either ... or/equally important / further /furthermore /in addition(to)/indeed /jointly / last but not least / likewise / moreover / neither ... nor /next /not only ... but also / not to mention / not to speak of /on top of that / or /plus / similarly / together with / what's more / again / also / and (then) / as well as / at the same time /besides /

TIME RELATIONSHIP
nowadays / presently / shortly (after) / simultaneously / since / so far / soon / temporarily/
then / thereafter / throughout / thereupon / until / up until now / while / yet at the same time/
after a while / afterward(s) as time goes by / at last / at present / at this point / currently/
here / immediately / in the meantime / lately / later / meanwhile / now

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
later / after that/ finally / first / second / third / following / then / next

EXPLANATION OF CAUSE OR CONSEQUENCE
as / because / due to /for / in order that / now that / since/ so (that) / that is because /that is why

RESULT
hence / in short / so much (so) that / so ... that / such ... that / then / thereby / therefore / thus /truly / accordingly / as a consequence / as a result / consequently / for this reason /

CIRCUMSTANCES
in my opinion / in terms of / in the midst of / on the part of / as a last resort /as a rule /
from the standpoint of

PARTIAL COMMITMENT
as far as I understand / as well as I know / for the time being / so far / as far as I know / as far as I'm concerned

CONDITION
if not / in case of / in case (that) / in the event of / in the event (that) / only if / or (else)/ otherwise / provided (that) / providing (that) / whether or not / as long as / even if / if

DISMISSAL
anyway / at any rate / in any case / whatever the case may be

EXCEPTION / EXCLUSION
aside from / except for / not ... yet / unless

EXAMPLE
including / in particular / in this case / in this manner / namely / such as / take the case of / that is / the following example / to illustrate / for example / for instance / in another case

PURPOSE
in order to / in return for / to the purpose of / to this end / with this in mind / with this purpose / for this reason / for your information / in an effort to

SUBSTITUTION
in place of / instead of / or rather / in exchange for

REITERATION / REFORMULATION
as I have said / in other words / more simply / rather / that is / to put it another way

INTERMEDIATING
in doing so / this way /through (which) / by / by means of

CONCESSION
at the same time / granted that / I admit / it may appear that / naturally / of course /after all / although it is true that / although this may be true

EVIDENCE
indeed / it's no wonder / naturally / needless to say / obviously / of course / without question/ without a doubt / as you (anyone) can see / certainly / evidently

CONCLUSION / SUMMARY
in conclusion / in short / in summary / last(ly) / on the whole / overall / thus / to conclude / to summarize / to sum up / after all / all in all / all things considered / as I have said / as we have seen / at last / finally /in brief